Tms320f28069 Read View Where Is System Clock Speed

Practice of increasing the clock rate of a reckoner to exceed that certified by the manufacturer

Not to be confused with odometer.

Overclocking BIOS setup on an ABIT NF7-S motherboard with an AMD Athlon XP processor. Forepart side passenger vehicle (FSB) frequency (external clock) has been increased from 133 MHz to 148 MHz, and the CPU clock multiplier factor has been changed from 13.5 to 16.5. This corresponds to an overclocking of the FSB by xi.iii% and of the CPU by 36%.

In computing, overclocking is the practise of increasing the clock rate of a estimator to exceed that certified past the manufacturer. Commonly, operating voltage is too increased to maintain a component's operational stability at accelerated speeds. Semiconductor devices operated at higher frequencies and voltages increase power consumption and heat.^[1] An overclocked device may exist unreliable or fail completely if the boosted estrus load is not removed or power delivery components cannot see increased power demands. Many device warranties state that overclocking or over-specification voids any warranty, however there are an increasing number of manufacturers that will allow overclocking every bit long as performed (relatively) safely.

Overview [edit]

The purpose of overclocking is to increment the operating speed of a given component. Normally, on modernistic systems, the target of overclocking is increasing the performance of a major chip or subsystem, such as the principal processor or graphics controller, but other components, such equally arrangement retentivity (RAM) or organization buses (generally on the motherboard), are ordinarily involved. The trade-offs are an increase in ability consumption (estrus), fan noise (cooling), and shortened lifespan for the targeted components. Most components are designed with a margin of safety to deal with operating weather outside of a manufacturer's control; examples are ambient temperature and fluctuations in operating voltage. Overclocking techniques in general aim to trade this safety margin by setting the device to run in the higher terminate of the margin, with the understanding that temperature and voltage must be more strictly monitored and controlled past the user. Examples are that operating temperature would need to be more strictly controlled with increased cooling, as the function volition be less tolerant of increased temperatures at the higher speeds. Also base operating voltage may be increased to compensate for unexpected voltage drops and to strengthen signalling and timing signals, equally depression-voltage excursions are more than likely to cause malfunctions at college operating speeds.

While nigh modern devices are fairly tolerant of overclocking, all devices have finite limits. Generally for whatsoever given voltage most parts will have a maximum "stable" speed where they still operate correctly. Past this speed, the device starts giving incorrect results, which tin can crusade malfunctions and sporadic beliefs in any system depending on it. While in a PC context the usual result is a system crash, more than subtle errors can go undetected, which over a long enough time can give unpleasant surprises such every bit data abuse (incorrectly calculated results, or worse writing to storage incorrectly) or the organization failing only during certain specific tasks (general usage such as internet browsing and give-and-take processing appear fine, merely any application wanting advanced graphics crashes the system).

At this betoken, an increase in operating voltage of a part may let more headroom for further increases in clock speed, but the increased voltage can too significantly increment estrus output, too as shorten the lifespan farther. At some bespeak, there will be a limit imposed by the ability to supply the device with sufficient power, the user's ability to cool the part, and the device's ain maximum voltage tolerance before it achieves destructive failure. Overzealous use of voltage or inadequate cooling tin rapidly dethrone a device's performance to the signal of failure, or in farthermost cases outright destroy it.

The speed gained by overclocking depends largely upon the applications and workloads being run on the system, and what components are existence overclocked by the user; benchmarks for dissimilar purposes are published.

Underclocking [edit]

Conversely, the primary goal of underclocking is to reduce power consumption and the resultant rut generation of a device, with the trade-offs being lower clock speeds and reductions in operation. Reducing the cooling requirements needed to continue hardware at a given operational temperature has knock-on benefits such as lowering the number and speed of fans to permit quieter operation, and in mobile devices increase the length of bombardment life per charge. Some manufacturers underclock components of battery-powered equipment to improve battery life, or implement systems that detect when a device is operating under bombardment power and reduce clock frequency.

Underclocking and undervolting would be attempted on a desktop organization to have it operate silently (such as for a abode entertainment middle) while potentially offer higher operation than currently offered past low-voltage processor offerings. This would use a "standard-voltage" office and attempt to run with lower voltages (while attempting to keep the desktop speeds) to meet an acceptable performance/noise target for the build. This was too bonny as using a "standard voltage" processor in a "low voltage" application avoided paying the traditional toll premium for an officially certified depression voltage version. However again like overclocking there is no guarantee of success, and the architect's time researching given system/processor combinations and specially the time and tedium of performing many iterations of stability testing need to be considered. The usefulness of underclocking (again similar overclocking) is determined by what processor offerings, prices, and availability are at the specific fourth dimension of the build. Underclocking is also sometimes used when troubleshooting.

Enthusiast culture [edit]

Overclocking has become more accessible with motherboard makers offering overclocking as a marketing feature on their mainstream product lines. Yet, the practise is embraced more by enthusiasts than professional users, as overclocking carries a risk of reduced reliability, accuracy and damage to data and equipment. Additionally, most manufacturer warranties and service agreements do not cover overclocked components nor any incidental damages acquired by their use. While overclocking can however be an pick for increasing personal computing chapters, and thus workflow productivity for professional users, the importance of stability testing components thoroughly before employing them into a production surround cannot exist overstated.

Overclocking offers several draws for overclocking enthusiasts. Overclocking allows testing of components at speeds non currently offered by the manufacturer, or at speeds only officially offered on specialized, higher-priced versions of the product. A general trend in the computing manufacture is that new technologies tend to debut in the high-end market first, then later on trickle down to the performance and mainstream marketplace. If the high-end part only differs by an increased clock speed, an enthusiast tin endeavour to overclock a mainstream part to simulate the high-end offering. This can give insight on how over-the-horizon technologies volition perform earlier they are officially available on the mainstream market, which tin be especially helpful for other users because if they should plan alee to purchase or upgrade to the new characteristic when it is officially released.

Some hobbyists enjoy edifice, tuning, and "Hot-Rodding" their systems in competitive benchmarking competitions, competing with other agreeing users for high scores in standardized computer benchmark suites. Others will purchase a depression-cost model of a component in a given product line, and attempt to overclock that part to lucifer a more expensive model'south stock performance. Another approach is overclocking older components to attempt to proceed pace with increasing system requirements and extend the useful service life of the older role or at to the lowest degree delay a purchase of new hardware solely for performance reasons. Another rationale for overclocking older equipment is even if overclocking stresses equipment to the point of failure earlier, little is lost as it is already depreciated, and would have needed to be replaced in whatever case.^[ii]

Components [edit]

Technically any component that uses a timer (or clock) to synchronize its internal operations can be overclocked. Nearly efforts for calculator components however focus on specific components, such as, processors (a.k.a. CPU), video cards, motherboard chipsets, and RAM. Most modern processors derive their effective operating speeds by multiplying a base clock (processor jitney speed) by an internal multiplier within the processor (the CPU multiplier) to attain their final speed.

Figurer processors generally are overclocked by manipulating the CPU multiplier if that option is bachelor, but the processor and other components can too exist overclocked by increasing the base speed of the passenger vehicle clock. Some systems allow additional tuning of other clocks (such as a system clock) that influence the bus clock speed that, again is multiplied by the processor to allow for effectively adjustments of the final processor speed.

Most OEM systems do not expose to the user the adjustments needed to change processor clock speed or voltage in the BIOS of the OEM's motherboard, which precludes overclocking (for warranty and support reasons). The same processor installed on a different motherboard offering adjustments will let the user to change them.

Any given component will ultimately cease operating reliably past a sure clock speed. Components volition more often than not bear witness some sort of malfunctioning behavior or other indication of compromised stability that alerts the user that a given speed is not stable, but there is e'er a possibility that a component will permanently fail without alarm, even if voltages are kept within some pre-determined safe values. The maximum speed is determined by overclocking to the signal of first instability, then accepting the last stable slower setting. Components are only guaranteed to operate correctly up to their rated values; across that dissimilar samples may have different overclocking potential. The stop-point of a given overclock is determined by parameters such as available CPU multipliers, charabanc dividers, voltages; the user's ability to manage thermal loads, cooling techniques; and several other factors of the individual devices themselves such as semiconductor clock and thermal tolerances, interaction with other components and the balance of the organization.

Considerations [edit]

There are several things to be considered when overclocking. Offset is to ensure that the component is supplied with adequate power at a voltage sufficient to operate at the new clock rate. Supplying the power with improper settings or applying excessive voltage can permanently damage a component.

In a professional product environment, overclocking is merely likely to be used where the increment in speed justifies the cost of the skilful support required, the maybe reduced reliability, the consistent result on maintenance contracts and warranties, and the college power consumption. If faster speed is required it is oft cheaper when all costs are considered to buy faster hardware.

Cooling [edit]

All electronic circuits produce estrus generated by the movement of electrical current. As clock frequencies in digital circuits and voltage applied increase, the rut generated by components running at the higher performance levels as well increases. The relationship between clock frequencies and thermal blueprint power (TDP) are linear. However, there is a limit to the maximum frequency which is called a "wall". To overcome this issue, overclockers enhance the chip voltage to increase the overclocking potential. Voltage increases power consumption and consequently estrus generation significantly (proportionally to the square of the voltage in a linear excursion, for case); this requires more cooling to avoid damaging the hardware by overheating. In addition, some digital circuits slow down at high temperatures due to changes in MOSFET device characteristics. Conversely, the overclocker may determine to subtract the chip voltage while overclocking (a procedure known as undervolting), to reduce heat emissions while performance remains optimal.

Stock cooling systems are designed for the corporeality of ability produced during not-overclocked utilize; overclocked circuits can require more cooling, such every bit by powerful fans, larger rut sinks, heat pipes and water cooling. Mass, shape, and textile all influence the ability of a heatsink to dissipate estrus. Efficient heatsinks are frequently fabricated entirely of copper, which has loftier thermal conductivity, but is expensive.^[iii] Aluminium is more widely used; it has good thermal characteristics, though not as skilful equally copper, and is significantly cheaper. Cheaper materials such every bit steel do not have practiced thermal characteristics. Heat pipes can be used to amend electrical conductivity. Many heatsinks combine ii or more than materials to achieve a residuum between performance and cost.^[3]

Interior of a water-cooled calculator, showing CPU water block, tubing, and pump

Water cooling carries waste heat to a radiator. Thermoelectric cooling devices which actually air-condition using the Peltier effect tin help with high thermal design ability (TDP) processors made by Intel and AMD in the early twenty-outset century. Thermoelectric cooling devices create temperature differences betwixt ii plates by running an electric electric current through the plates. This method of cooling is highly constructive, but itself generates pregnant oestrus elsewhere which must be carried abroad, ofttimes by a convection-based heatsink or a water cooling system.

Liquid nitrogen may be used for cooling an overclocked system, when an farthermost mensurate of cooling is needed.

Other cooling methods are forced convection and phase transition cooling which is used in refrigerators and tin be adjusted for estimator use. Liquid nitrogen, liquid helium, and dry ice are used as coolants in farthermost cases,^[four] such as record-setting attempts or one-off experiments rather than cooling an everyday system. In June 2006, IBM and Georgia Establish of Engineering jointly announced a new record in silicon-based bit clock rate (the rate a transistor can be switched at, not the CPU clock rate^[5]) above 500 GHz, which was done by cooling the bit to iv.5 K (−268.6 °C; −451.half-dozen °F) using liquid helium.^[half-dozen] Set in November 2012, the CPU Frequency Earth Tape is eight.794 GHz as of January 2022.^[7] These farthermost methods are generally impractical in the long term, as they require refilling reservoirs of vaporizing coolant, and condensation can form on chilled components.^[4] Moreover, silicon-based junction gate field-effect transistors (JFET) will degrade below temperatures of roughly 100 Chiliad (−173 °C; −280 °F) and somewhen stop to function or "freeze out" at forty G (−233 °C; −388 °F) since the silicon ceases to be semiconducting,^[8] so using extremely cold coolants may crusade devices to fail.

Submersion cooling, used by the Cray-2 supercomputer, involves sinking a function of estimator system straight into a chilled liquid that is thermally conductive but has low electrical electrical conductivity. The advantage of this technique is that no condensation can class on components.^[9] A good submersion liquid is Fluorinert fabricated past 3M, which is expensive. Another selection is mineral oil, merely impurities such equally those in water might cause it to acquit electricity.^[ix]

Amateur overclocking enthusiasts have used a mixture of dry out ice and a solvent with a low freezing signal, such equally acetone or isopropyl alcohol.^[ten] This cooling bath, frequently used in laboratories, achieves a temperature of −78 °C.^[11] Yet, this practise is discouraged due to its safety risks; the solvents are flammable and volatile, and dry ice tin can crusade frostbite (through contact with exposed skin) and suffocation (due to the large book of carbon dioxide generated when information technology sublimes).

Stability and functional correctness [edit]

Equally an overclocked component operates outside of the manufacturer's recommended operating conditions, it may function incorrectly, leading to organization instability. Another risk is silent information corruption past undetected errors. Such failures might never be correctly diagnosed and may instead be incorrectly attributed to software bugs in applications, device drivers, or the operating system. Overclocked use may permanently damage components plenty to cause them to misbehave (even under normal operating conditions) without becoming totally unusable.

A large-scale 2011 field study of hardware faults causing a system crash for consumer PCs and laptops showed a four to 20 times increase (depending on CPU manufacturer) in system crashes due to CPU failure for overclocked computers over an 8-month period.^[12]

In general, overclockers merits that testing can ensure that an overclocked system is stable and functioning correctly. Although software tools are available for testing hardware stability, information technology is generally impossible for any private individual to thoroughly exam the functionality of a processor.^[13] Achieving good fault coverage requires immense engineering science endeavour; even with all of the resources dedicated to validation by manufacturers, faulty components and fifty-fifty design faults are not always detected.

A particular "stress test" can verify just the functionality of the specific instruction sequence used in combination with the data and may not detect faults in those operations. For example, an arithmetic functioning may produce the correct effect simply wrong flags; if the flags are not checked, the mistake will go undetected.

To further complicate matters, in procedure technologies such as silicon on insulator (SOI), devices display hysteresis—a circuit's functioning is affected past the events of the past, so without carefully targeted tests it is possible for a detail sequence of state changes to work at overclocked rates in i situation merely not another even if the voltage and temperature are the same. Often, an overclocked organisation which passes stress tests experiences instabilities in other programs.^[14]

In overclocking circles, "stress tests" or "torture tests" are used to check for correct operation of a component. These workloads are selected equally they put a very high load on the component of involvement (e.g. a graphically intensive awarding for testing video cards, or different math-intensive applications for testing general CPUs). Popular stress tests include Prime95, Everest, Superpi, OCCT, AIDA64, Linpack (via the LinX and IntelBurnTest GUIs), SiSoftware Sandra, BOINC, Intel Thermal Analysis Tool and Memtest86. The hope is that any functional-definiteness problems with the overclocked component will manifest themselves during these tests, and if no errors are detected during the test, so the component is deemed "stable". Since mistake coverage is important in stability testing, the tests are oft run for long periods of fourth dimension, hours or even days. An overclocked calculator is sometimes described using the number of hours and the stability program used, such as "prime 12 hours stable".

Factors allowing overclocking [edit]

Overclockability arises in office due to the economic science of the manufacturing processes of CPUs and other components. In many cases components are manufactured by the same process, and tested afterwards manufacture to determine their actual maximum ratings. Components are then marked with a rating called by the market needs of the semiconductor manufacturer. If manufacturing yield is high, more higher-rated components than required may be produced, and the manufacturer may marking and sell higher-performing components every bit lower-rated for marketing reasons. In some cases, the true maximum rating of the component may exceed even the highest rated component sold. Many devices sold with a lower rating may behave in all ways as college-rated ones, while in the worst example performance at the higher rating may be more problematical.

Notably, higher clocks must always hateful greater waste matter heat generation, as semiconductors set to high must dump to footing more often. In some cases, this means that the chief drawback of the overclocked office is far more oestrus prodigal than the maximums published by the manufacturer. Pentium architect Bob Colwell calls overclocking an "uncontrolled experiment in better-than-worst-case system operation".^[xv]

Measuring effects of overclocking [edit]

Benchmarks are used to evaluate performance, and they can become a kind of "sport" in which users compete for the highest scores. As discussed above, stability and functional correctness may be compromised when overclocking, and meaningful benchmark results depend on the right execution of the benchmark. Because of this, benchmark scores may be qualified with stability and definiteness notes (east.thou. an overclocker may study a score, noting that the benchmark simply runs to completion 1 in 5 times, or that signs of incorrect execution such as brandish corruption are visible while running the benchmark). A widely used examination of stability is Prime95, which has built-in mistake checking that fails if the computer is unstable.

Using only the benchmark scores, it may be difficult to judge the difference overclocking makes to the overall functioning of a figurer. For example, some benchmarks test only one aspect of the arrangement, such as retention bandwidth, without taking into consideration how higher clock rates in this aspect will improve the system performance as a whole. Apart from enervating applications such as video encoding, high-need databases and scientific computing, memory bandwidth is typically non a bottleneck, and then a great increment in memory bandwidth may be unnoticeable to a user depending on the applications used. Other benchmarks, such every bit 3DMark, try to replicate game conditions.

Manufacturer and vendor overclocking [edit]

Commercial organization builders or component resellers sometimes overclock to sell items at higher profit margins. The seller makes more money by overclocking lower-priced components which are found to operate correctly and selling equipment at prices appropriate for higher-rated components. While the equipment volition normally operate correctly, this do may exist considered fraudulent if the heir-apparent is unaware of it.

Overclocking is sometimes offered every bit a legitimate service or characteristic for consumers, in which a manufacturer or retailer tests the overclocking capability of processors, retention, video cards, and other hardware products. Several video carte manufactures now offer manufactory-overclocked versions of their graphics accelerators, complete with a warranty, usually at a price intermediate between that of the standard product and a non-overclocked product of higher operation.

It is speculated that manufacturers implement overclocking prevention mechanisms such as CPU multiplier locking to prevent users from buying lower-priced items and overclocking them. These measures are sometimes marketed as a consumer protection benefit, but are often criticized past buyers.

Many motherboards are sold, and advertised, with all-encompassing facilities for overclocking implemented in hardware and controlled past BIOS settings.^[16]

CPU multiplier locking [edit]

CPU multiplier locking is the process of permanently setting a CPU's clock multiplier. AMD CPUs are unlocked in early editions of a model and locked in later editions, but nearly all Intel CPUs are locked and contempo^{[ when? ]} models are very resistant to unlocking to prevent overclocking by users. AMD ships unlocked CPUs with their Opteron, FX, Ryzen and Blackness Series line-up, while Intel uses the monikers of "Extreme Edition" and "Grand-Serial." Intel usually has one or two Farthermost Edition CPUs on the market place besides as X serial and Yard series CPUs analogous to AMD's Black Edition. AMD has the majority of their desktop range in a Black Edition.

Users unremarkably unlock CPUs to allow overclocking, simply sometimes to allow for underclocking in gild to maintain the front side bus speed (on older CPUs) compatibility with certain motherboards. Unlocking generally invalidates the manufacturer'south warranty, and mistakes tin can cripple or destroy a CPU. Locking a chip's clock multiplier does non necessarily prevent users from overclocking, as the speed of the front-side motorbus or PCI multiplier (on newer CPUs) may still be changed to provide a performance increase. AMD Athlon and Athlon XP CPUs are generally unlocked by connecting bridges (jumper-like points) on the top of the CPU with conductive pigment or pencil pb. Other CPU models may require different procedures.

Increasing front-side bus or northbridge/PCI clocks tin can overclock locked CPUs, but this throws many organization frequencies out of sync, since the RAM and PCI frequencies are modified besides.

One of the easiest ways to unlock older AMD Athlon XP CPUs was called the pin mod method, because it was possible to unlock the CPU without permanently modifying bridges. A user could but put ane wire (or some more for a new multiplier/Vcore) into the socket to unlock the CPU. More recently however, notably with Intel's Skylake architecture, Intel had a bug with the Skylake (6th gen Core) processors where the base clock could be increased past 102.7 MHz, however functionality of certain features would not work. Intel intended to block base clock (BCLK) overclocking of locked processors when designing the Skylake architecture to foreclose consumers from purchasing cheaper components and overclocking to previously-unseen heights (since the CPU's BCLK was no longer tied to the PCI buses), however for LGA1151, the 6th generation "Skylake" processors were able to exist overclocked by 102.7 MHz (which was the intended limit past Intel, and was subsequently mandated through afterward BIOS updates). All other unlocked processors from LGA1151 and v2 (including seventh, 8th, and 9th generation) and BGA1440 permit for BCLK overclocking (every bit long equally the OEM allows it), while all other locked processors from seventh, 8th, and 9th gen were not able to go past 102.seven Mhz. 10th gen however, could reach 103 Mhz ^[17] on the BCLK.

Advantages [edit]

• Higher functioning in games, en-/decoding, video editing and organization tasks at no additional straight monetary expense, but with increased electrical consumption and thermal output.
• System optimization: Some systems accept "bottlenecks", where pocket-sized overclocking of 1 component can assist realize the total potential of another component to a greater percentage than when just the limiting hardware itself is overclocked. For instance: many motherboards with AMD Athlon 64 processors limit the clock rate of four units of RAM to 333 MHz. Nonetheless, the retention performance is computed by dividing the processor clock rate (which is a base of operations number times a CPU multiplier, for instance 1.eight GHz is virtually likely 9×200 MHz) past a fixed integer such that, at a stock clock rate, the RAM would run at a clock charge per unit near 333 MHz. Manipulating elements of how the processor clock charge per unit is fix (usually adjusting the multiplier), it is often possible to overclock the processor a small-scale amount, effectually five-x%, and gain a pocket-size increase in RAM clock rate and/or reduction in RAM latency timings.
• It tin be cheaper to purchase a lower functioning component and overclock it to the clock rate of a more than expensive component.
• Extending life on older equipment (through underclocking/undervolting).

Disadvantages [edit]

Full general [edit]

• Higher clock rates and voltages increment ability consumption, besides increasing electricity cost and heat product. The additional rut increases the ambient air temperature within the system case, which may impact other components. The hot air blown out of the case heats the room it'south in.
• Fan dissonance: High-operation fans running at maximum speed used for the required degree of cooling of an overclocked machine can be noisy, some producing 50 dB or more of noise. When maximum cooling is non required, in any equipment, fan speeds can exist reduced beneath the maximum: fan noise has been constitute to be roughly proportional to the fifth power of fan speed; halving speed reduces noise by about 15 dB.^[18] Fan noise tin can be reduced past design improvements, east.g. with aerodynamically optimized blades for smoother airflow, reducing noise to around 20 dB at approximately 1 metre^{[ commendation needed ]} or larger fans rotating more slowly, which produce less noise than smaller, faster fans with the aforementioned airflow. Acoustical insulation inside the case e.m. acoustic foam tin can reduce noise. Additional cooling methods which do non utilise fans can be used, such as liquid and stage-change cooling.
• An overclocked computer may get unreliable. For example: Microsoft Windows may appear to work with no problems, but when it is re-installed or upgraded, error messages may exist received such as a "file copy error" during Windows Setup.^[xix] Because installing Windows is very retention-intensive, decoding errors may occur when files are extracted from the Windows XP CD-ROM
• The lifespan of semiconductor components may be reduced by increased voltages and heat.
• Warranties may be voided past overclocking.

Risks of overclocking [edit]

• Increasing the performance frequency of a component will normally increase its thermal output in a linear fashion, while an increase in voltage normally causes thermal power to increment quadratically.^[20] Excessive voltages or improper cooling may cause chip temperatures to rise to dangerous levels, causing the chip to be damaged or destroyed.
• Exotic cooling methods used to facilitate overclocking such as water cooling are more than likely to cause damage if they malfunction. Sub-ambient cooling methods such as phase-change cooling or liquid nitrogen volition cause water condensation, which will cause electrical impairment unless controlled; some methods include using kneaded erasers or shop towels to catch the condensation.

Limitations [edit]

Overclocking components can simply be of noticeable benefit if the component is on the critical path for a procedure, if information technology is a bottleneck. If deejay access or the speed of an Cyberspace connection limit the speed of a process, a 20% increment in processor speed is unlikely to be noticed, nonetheless there are some scenarios where increasing the clock speed of a processor actually allows an SSD to be read and written to faster. Overclocking a CPU will not noticeably benefit a game when a graphics card'due south performance is the "bottleneck" of the game.

Graphics cards [edit]

The BFG GeForce 6800GSOC ships with college memory and clock rates than the standard 6800GS.

Graphics cards can too exist overclocked. In that location are utilities to achieve this, such as EVGA'southward Precision, RivaTuner, AMD Overdrive (on AMD cards merely), MSI Afterburner, Zotac Firestorm, and the PEG Link Way on Asus motherboards. Overclocking a GPU will often yield a marked increase in functioning in synthetic benchmarks, unremarkably reflected in game performance.^[21] It is sometimes possible to see that a graphics carte is being pushed across its limits earlier any permanent impairment is done by observing on-screen artifacts or unexpected system crashes. Information technology is common to meet one of those problems when overclocking graphics cards; both symptoms at the same time usually means that the card is severely pushed beyond its estrus, clock charge per unit, and/or voltage limits, withal if seen when not overclocked, they signal a faulty bill of fare. After a reboot, video settings are reset to standard values stored in the graphics carte firmware, and the maximum clock charge per unit of that specific bill of fare is now deducted.

Some overclockers apply a potentiometer to the graphics card to manually adjust the voltage (which usually invalidates the warranty). This allows for effectively adjustments, every bit overclocking software for graphics cards can merely go so far. Excessive voltage increases may impairment or destroy components on the graphics bill of fare or the entire graphics card itself (practically speaking).

RAM [edit]

Alternatives [edit]

Flashing and unlocking tin be used to improve the performance of a video card, without technically overclocking (but is much riskier than overclocking simply through software).

Flashing refers to using the firmware of a dissimilar card with the same (or sometimes like) core and compatible firmware, effectively making it a higher model menu; it can be difficult, and may be irreversible. Sometimes standalone software to modify the firmware files can be institute, e.m. NiBiTor (GeForce half dozen/7 series are well regarded in this attribute), without using firmware for a better model video card. For example, video cards with 3D accelerators (most, as of 2011^[update]) have 2 voltage and clock rate settings, one for 2D and one for 3D, but were designed to operate with three voltage stages, the third being somewhere between the aforementioned two, serving every bit a fallback when the menu overheats or as a heart-stage when going from 2nd to 3D functioning manner. Therefore, it could exist wise to set this eye-stage prior to "serious" overclocking, specifically because of this fallback ability; the card can drop down to this clock rate, reducing past a few (or sometimes a few dozen, depending on the setting) percentage of its efficiency and cool downwardly, without dropping out of 3D mode (and later return to the desired loftier functioning clock and voltage settings).

Some cards have abilities not directly connected with overclocking. For instance, Nvidia's GeForce 6600GT (AGP season) has a temperature monitor used internally by the menu, invisible to the user if standard firmware is used. Modifying the firmware can display a 'Temperature' tab.

Unlocking refers to enabling extra pipelines or pixel shaders. The 6800LE, the 6800GS and 6800 (AGP models only) were some of the first cards to benefit from unlocking. While these models take either 8 or 12 pipes enabled, they share the same 16x6 GPU core as a 6800GT or Ultra, merely pipelines and shaders across those specified are disabled; the GPU may exist fully functional, or may have been found to have faults which do not bear upon operation at the lower specification. GPUs found to be fully functional tin can be unlocked successfully, although it is non possible to exist sure that there are undiscovered faults; in the worst case the card may become permanently unusable.

History [edit]

Overclocked processors first became commercially bachelor in 1983, when AMD sold an overclocked version of the Intel 8088 CPU. In 1984, some consumers were overclocking IBM'southward version of the Intel 80286 CPU by replacing the clock crystal. Xeon W-3175X is the only Xeon with a multiplier unlocked for overclocking

See also [edit]

• Clock rate
• CPU-Z
• Double boot
• Dynamic voltage scaling
• POWER8 on-chip controller (OCC)
• Series presence observe (SPD)
• Super PI
• Underclocking
• UNIVAC I Overdrive, 1952 unofficial modification

References [edit]

1. ^ Victoria Zhislina (2014-02-19). "Why has CPU frequency ceased to grow?". Intel.
2. ^ Wainner, Scott; Richmond, Robert (2003). The Book of Overclocking. No Starch Printing. pp. ane–ii. ISBN978-1-886411-76-0.
3. ^ ^{a b} Wainner, Scott; Richmond, Robert (2003). The Book of Overclocking. No Starch Printing. p. 38. ISBN978-1-886411-76-0.
4. ^ ^{a b} Wainner, Scott; Richmond, Robert (2003). The Book of Overclocking. No Starch Printing. p. 44. ISBN978-ane-886411-76-0.
5. ^ Stokes, Jon (22 June 2006). "IBM'due south 500GHz processor? Non so fast…". Ars Technica.
6. ^ Toon, John (20 June 2006). "Georgia Tech/IBM Announce New Chip Speed Record". Georgia Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on ane July 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2009.
7. ^ "AMD FX-8350 Breaks CPU Frequency World Record". Retrieved 2018-03-02 .
8. ^ "Farthermost-Temperature Electronics: Tutorial – Part 3". 2003. Retrieved 2007-11-04 .
9. ^ ^{a b} Wainner, Scott; Robert Richmond (2003). The Book of Overclocking. No Starch Press. p. 48. ISBN978-ane-886411-76-0.
10. ^ "overclocking with dry out ice!". TechPowerUp Forums. August 13, 2009.
11. ^ Cooling baths – ChemWiki. Chemwiki.ucdavis.edu. Retrieved on 2013-06-17.
12. ^ Cycles, cells and platters: an empirical assay of hardware failures on a million consumer PCs (PDF). Proceedings of the sixth conference on Computer systems (EuroSys 'eleven). 2011. pp. 343–356.
13. ^ Tasiran, Serdar; Keutzer, Kurt (2001). "Coverage Metrics for Functional Validation of Hardware Designs". IEEE Design & Test of Computers. CiteSeerX10.1.1.62.9086.
14. ^ Chen, Raymond (April 12, 2005). "The Old New Matter: There's an awful lot of overclocking out there". Retrieved 2007-03-17 .
15. ^ Colwell, Bob (March 2004). "The Zen of Overclocking". Calculator. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 37 (3): 9–12. doi:10.1109/MC.2004.1273994. S2CID 21582410.
16. ^ "｜｜ASUS Global". ASUS Global.
17. ^ https://www.techpowerup.com/review/intel-core-i5-10400f/xx.html
18. ^ "UK Health and Safety Executive: Top 10 noise control techniques" (PDF).
19. ^ "Article ID: 310064 – Concluding Review: May 7, 2007 – Revision: 6.ii How to troubleshoot problems during installation when you lot upgrade from Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition to Windows XP".
20. ^ Microprocessor 3: Core Concepts - Hardware Aspects. Philippe Darche. John Wiley & Sons, 2020 - 240 pages. P.128. https://books.google.com/books?id=XeQGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128&lpg=PA128&dq=power+wall+"quadratically"+power&source=bl&ots=sURSwftUSd&sig=ACfU3U05pSRKfDjz6CfSI94Yp2mbfizY9A&hl=ru&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU0fShlLntAhUOt4sKHU0gAB0Q6AEwEHoECBMQAg#v=onepage&q=ability%20wall%20"quadratically"%20power&f=false
21. ^ Alt+Esc | GTX 780 Overclocking Guide

Notes

• Colwell, Bob (March 2004). "The Zen of Overclocking". Computer. 37 (three): 9–12. doi:10.1109/MC.2004.1273994. S2CID 21582410.

External links [edit]

• OverClocked inside
• How to Overclock a PC, WikiHow
• Overclocking guide for the Apple iMac G4 main logic lath

Overclocking and criterion databases [edit]

• OC Database of all PC hardware for the past decade (applications, modifications and more than)
• HWBOT: Worldwide Overclocking League – Overclocking competition and data
• Comprehensive CPU OC Database
• Segunda Convencion Nacional de OC: Overclocking Extremo past Imperio Gamer
• Tool for overclock

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overclocking

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